一般经济学

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新提交 (展示 2 之 2 条目 )

[1] arXiv:2508.02949 [中文pdf, pdf, html, 其他]

标题： 乌克兰式寡头经济：集中的权力如何损害生产链中的附加值 显示英文标题

标题： Ukrainian-style oligarchic economies: how concentrated power undermines value added in production chains

Jakub Karnowski, Przemyslaw Szufel

主题： 一般经济学 (econ.GN)

寡头控制对经济效率造成了显著的扭曲。乌克兰是这一现象的典型例子，其中寡头控制关键部门，并通过煤炭矿井、钢铁厂和发电厂的垂直整合实现规模经济，同时控制关键基础设施（例如交通网络的接入）以抑制竞争。他们苏联时代的生产链垄断策略，加上政治庇护网络（包括地方和国家政府），强化了系统性低效和市场进入壁垒。尽管现有研究强调了去寡头化的开发效益，但本研究通过计算建模推进了文献。我们开发了一个部分由寡头控制的经济的基于代理的模型，在该模型中，具有异质生产函数的企业在增值网络中相互作用。通过数值模拟，我们量化了不同的去寡头化政策对总体GDP增长的影响。结果表明，最优的去寡头化策略取决于寡头在生产链中的位置。根据寡头的位置，拆解寡头结构应侧重于消除寡头获取原材料的途径，或打破寡头对生产链中其他交易的影响。 显示英文摘要

Oligarchic control exerts significant distortions on economic efficiency. Ukraine exemplifies this phenomenon, where oligarchs dominate key sectors and achieve economies of scale through vertical integration of coal mines, steel mills, and power plants while controlling critical infrastructure (e.g. access to transportation networks) to stifle competition. Their Soviet-era production chain monopolization strategies, coupled with political patronage networks (including both local and national governments), reinforce systemic inefficiencies and barriers to market entry. Although existing studies highlight the developmental benefits of de-oligarchization, this work advances the literature through computational modeling. We develop an agent-based model of a partially oligarch-controlled economy, where firms with heterogeneous production functions interact within a value-added network. Through numerical simulations, we quantify how different de-oligarchization policies affect aggregate GDP growth. The results indicate that the optimal de-oligarchization strategies are determined by the position of the oligarch in the production chain. Depending on the oligarch's position, dismantling oligarchic structures should either focus on removing oligarchs' access to raw materials or on breaking oligarchs' influence on other transactions in the production chain.

[2] arXiv:2508.02966 [中文pdf, pdf, 其他]

标题： 用人工智能代理测量人类领导能力 显示英文标题

标题： Measuring Human Leadership Skills with Artificially Intelligent Agents

Ben Weidmann, Yixian Xu, David J. Deming

主题： 一般经济学 (econ.GN) ; 其他统计 (stat.OT)

我们证明，领导人类群体的能力是由与人工智能代理的领导技能预测的。 在一个大型预先注册的实验室实验中，人类领导者与人工智能代理合作解决问题。 他们在这种“人工智能领导力测试”中的表现与他们对人类团队的因果影响高度相关，我们通过反复随机将领导者分配到人类追随者的小组并测量团队表现来估计这一影响。 无论是领导人类还是人工智能代理的成功领导者都会提出更多问题，并参与更多的对话轮流；他们在社会智能、流体智能和决策能力方面的得分更高，但在性别、年龄、种族或教育方面没有差异。 我们的研究结果表明，人工智能代理可以作为社会实验中人类参与者的有效替代品，这大大简化了领导力和团队合作技能的测量。 显示英文摘要

We show that the ability to lead groups of humans is predicted by leadership skill with Artificially Intelligent agents. In a large pre-registered lab experiment, human leaders worked with AI agents to solve problems. Their performance on this 'AI leadership test' was strongly correlated with their causal impact on human teams, which we estimate by repeatedly randomly assigning leaders to groups of human followers and measuring team performance. Successful leaders of both humans and AI agents ask more questions and engage in more conversational turn-taking; they score higher on measures of social intelligence, fluid intelligence, and decision-making skill, but do not differ in gender, age, ethnicity or education. Our findings indicate that AI agents can be effective proxies for human participants in social experiments, which greatly simplifies the measurement of leadership and teamwork skills.

交叉提交 (展示 1 之 1 条目 )

[3] arXiv:2508.02773 (交叉列表自 cs.CY) [中文pdf, pdf, 其他]

标题： Web3 与 AI 代理：现状、整合与基础挑战 显示英文标题

标题： Web3 x AI Agents: Landscape, Integrations, and Foundational Challenges

Yiming Shen, Jiashuo Zhang, Zhenzhe Shao, Wenxuan Luo, Yanlin Wang, Ting Chen, Zibin Zheng, Jiachi Chen

主题： 计算机与社会 (cs.CY) ; 人工智能 (cs.AI) ; 一般经济学 (econ.GN)

Web3技术与AI代理的融合代表了一个快速发展的前沿领域，有望重塑去中心化生态系统。 本文首次全面分析了Web3与AI代理之间的交叉点，考察了五个关键维度：现状、经济、治理、安全和信任机制。 通过对133个现有项目的分析，我们首先构建了一个分类体系，并系统地映射了当前的市场格局（RQ1），识别了项目分布和资本化的不同模式。 在这些发现的基础上，我们进一步研究了四个关键整合：（1）AI代理在参与和优化去中心化金融中的作用（RQ2）；（2）它们在增强Web3治理机制中的贡献（RQ3）；（3）它们通过智能漏洞检测和自动智能合约审计来加强Web3安全的能力（RQ4）；以及（4）利用Web3固有的信任基础设施建立稳健的可靠性框架以支持AI代理操作（RQ5）。 通过综合这些维度，我们识别了关键的整合模式，突出了与可扩展性、安全性和伦理相关的基础挑战，并概述了未来研究的关键考虑因素，以构建具有有效AI代理交互的稳健、智能和可信的去中心化系统。 显示英文摘要

The convergence of Web3 technologies and AI agents represents a rapidly evolving frontier poised to reshape decentralized ecosystems. This paper presents the first and most comprehensive analysis of the intersection between Web3 and AI agents, examining five critical dimensions: landscape, economics, governance, security, and trust mechanisms. Through an analysis of 133 existing projects, we first develop a taxonomy and systematically map the current market landscape (RQ1), identifying distinct patterns in project distribution and capitalization. Building upon these findings, we further investigate four key integrations: (1) the role of AI agents in participating in and optimizing decentralized finance (RQ2); (2) their contribution to enhancing Web3 governance mechanisms (RQ3); (3) their capacity to strengthen Web3 security via intelligent vulnerability detection and automated smart contract auditing (RQ4); and (4) the establishment of robust reliability frameworks for AI agent operations leveraging Web3's inherent trust infrastructure (RQ5). By synthesizing these dimensions, we identify key integration patterns, highlight foundational challenges related to scalability, security, and ethics, and outline critical considerations for future research toward building robust, intelligent, and trustworthy decentralized systems with effective AI agent interactions.

替换提交 (展示 2 之 2 条目 )

[4] arXiv:2506.18829 (替换) [中文pdf, pdf, html, 其他]

标题： 经济复杂性理论 显示英文标题

标题： The Theory of Economic Complexity

César A. Hidalgo, Viktor Stojkoski

主题： 一般经济学 (econ.GN)

经济复杂性方法旨在在不明确定义经济因素的情况下估计经济因素的综合存在。 这一文献中的一个关键方法是经济复杂性指数或ECI，它是一个从专业化矩阵中得出的特征向量，能够解释经济增长、不平等和可持续性的变化。 然而，尽管ECI在经济发展、经济地理和创新研究中被广泛使用，我们仍然缺乏一种可以从机制模型中推导出ECI的理论基础。 在这里，我们针对一个模型，该模型中经济体在某种活动中产出增加，如果该经济体更有可能拥有该活动所需的要素。我们对$ECI$进行了分析计算。我们分析地和数值地推导了ECI，并表明ECI是经济体拥有许多要素的概率的单调函数，验证了ECI是对经济体中多种要素存在的无偏估计的观点。 然后我们将这一结果推广到其他生产函数以及包含价格、工资和消费的短期均衡框架，发现推导出的工资函数与经济体收敛到与其复杂性相容的收入一致。 最后，我们展示了这个模型能够解释相关活动网络形状的差异，例如产品空间和研究空间。 这些发现解决了文献中的长期难题，并验证了经济复杂性指标作为多种要素综合存在的估计值。 显示英文摘要

Economic complexity methods aim to estimate the combined presence of economic factors without having to explicitly define them. A key method in this literature is the Economic Complexity Index or ECI, an eigenvector derived from specialization matrices that explains variation in economic growth, inequality, and sustainability. Yet, despite the widespread use of ECI in economic development, economic geography, and innovation studies, we still lack a principled theory that can deduce it from a mechanistic model. Here, we calculate $ECI$ analytically for a model where the output of an economy in an activity increases if the economy is more likely to be endowed with the factors required by the activity. We derive ECI analytically and numerically and show that it is a monotonic function of the probability that an economy is endowed with many factors, validating the idea that ECI is an agnostic estimate of the presence of multiple factors in an economy. We then generalize this result to other production functions and to a short-run equilibrium framework with prices, wages, and consumption, finding that the derived wage function is consistent with economies converging to an income that is compatible with their complexity. Finally, we show this model explains differences in the shapes of networks of related activities, such as the product space and the research space. These findings solve long standing puzzles in the literature and validate metrics of economic complexity as estimates of the combined presence of multiple factors.

[5] arXiv:2508.01360 (替换) [中文pdf, pdf, html, 其他]

标题： 贸易政策与结构变化 显示英文标题

标题： Trade Policy and Structural Change

Hayato Kato, Kensuke Suzuki, Motoaki Takahashi

主题： 一般经济学 (econ.GN)

我们研究关税如何影响具有非同质偏好且部门为互补关系的经济中的部门构成和福利——这些是结构性变化的关键驱动因素。 除了在贸易保护中的传统作用外，关税通过改变相对价格和收入水平来影响产业结构。 我们定性地描述了这些机制，并使用一个定量动态模型表明，自2001年以来美国制造业关税的反事实性提高20个百分点，将使制造业增加值份额提高1个百分点，并使福利增加0.36%。 然而，如果所有美国贸易伙伴作出互惠反应，美国的福利将下降0.12%。 显示英文摘要

We examine how tariffs affect sectoral composition and welfare in an economy with nonhomothetic preferences and sectors being complements -- key drivers of structural change. Beyond their conventional role in trade protection, tariffs influence industrial structure by altering relative prices and income levels. We qualitatively characterize these mechanisms and use a quantitative dynamic model to show that a counterfactual 20-percentage-point increase in U.S. manufacturing tariffs since 2001 would have raised the manufacturing value-added share by one percentage point and increased welfare by 0.36 percent. However, if all the U.S. trading partners responded reciprocally, U.S. welfare would have declined by 0.12 percent.