标题： 南极洲的天文学 显示英文标题

标题： Astronomy in Antarctica

摘要： 南极为天文学提供了一个独特的环境。 在高原上空的寒冷、干燥且稳定的空气，以及下方纯净的冰层，为光子和粒子谱提供了新的机会。 高原的山顶提供了地球上任何观测站最好的视宁度、最黑暗的天空和最透明的大气。 目前在四个高原地点正在进行天文活动：阿蒙森-斯科特南极点站、位于穹顶C的康科迪亚站、位于穹顶A的昆仑站和位于穹顶F的富士站，此外还有从麦克默多海岸站进行的长时间气球探测。 开展的天文学研究包括光学、红外、太赫兹和亚毫米波段的测量，宇宙微波背景辐射的测量，太阳观测，以及涉及宇宙射线、伽马射线和中微子测量的高能天体物理学。 南极也是我们星球上陨石最丰富的来源。 在高原地区进行了广泛的场地测试测量。 我们总结了推动天文学发展的南极特点，并回顾了为量化与该高原相关特征而进行的场地测试实验的结果。 我们概述了大陆上天文学的历史发展，然后回顾了过去三十年该学科出现的主要科学成果。 我们讨论了在南极进行科学研究的方式，特别是天文学家试图将他们的实验带到那里的困难和优势。 我们还回顾了一些将在国家和国际层面遇到的政治问题。 最后，我们讨论了南极天文学在未来十年可能的发展方向，特别是红外和太赫兹天文学的计划，包括在高原站点考虑建设的新设施。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Antarctica provides a unique environment for astronomy. The cold, dry and stable air found above the high plateau, as well as the pure ice below, offers new opportunities across the photon & particle spectrum. The summits of the plateau provide the best seeing conditions, the darkest skies and the most transparent atmosphere of any earth-based observing site. Astronomical activities are now underway at four plateau sites: the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, Concordia Station at Dome C, Kunlun Station at Dome A and Fuji Station at Dome F, in addition to long duration ballooning from the coastal station of McMurdo. Astronomy conducted includes optical, IR, THz & sub-mm, measurements of the CMBR, solar, as well as high energy astrophysics involving measurement of cosmic rays, gamma rays and neutrinos. Antarctica is also the richest source of meteorites on our planet. An extensive range of site testing measurements have been made over the high plateau. We summarise the facets of Antarctica that are driving developments in astronomy, and review the results of the site testing experiments undertaken to quantify those characteristics of the plateau relevant for it pursuit. We outline the historical development of the astronomy on the continent, and then review the principal scientific results to have emerged over the past three decades of activity in the discipline. We discuss how science is conducted in Antarctica, and in particular the difficulties, as well as the advantages, faced by astronomers seeking to bring their experiments there. We also review some of the political issues that will be encountered, both at national and international level. Finally, we discuss where Antarctic astronomy may be heading in the coming decade, in particular plans for IR & THz astronomy, including new facilities being considered for these wavebands at high plateau stations.