标题： 来自脉冲星的物理上可验证的随机性 显示英文标题

标题： Physical Publicly Verifiable Randomness from Pulsars

摘要： 我们展示了如何利用射电脉冲星作为随机数生成器。具体而言，我们关注的是公开可验证的随机性（PVR），在这种情况下，多个参与方可以获得相同的可信且可验证的随机数序列。PVR 是许多过程和算法（包括密码学、科学试验、选举审计和国际条约）的关键构建模块。然而，当前基于数论的方法可能很快会受到量子计算机的威胁，这促使了基于自然物理现象的 PVR 的需求增长。在此背景下，我们探索脉冲星作为潜在的物理 PVR 源。 首先，我们证明从明亮毫秒脉冲星测量到的流量密度提取的比特序列可以通过标准化的随机性测试。然后，我们量化从脉冲星流量密度序列中提取比特的三种代表性方法，这些方法使用澳大利亚帕克斯望远镜和中国的五百米口径球面射电望远镜（FAST）同时观测第二个脉冲星，并辅以数值模拟。我们证明两个天文台确实可以得到相同的比特序列，但在确定两个独立序列之间的预期比特错误率时，需要考虑辐射计噪声的普遍存在。 我们在一个假设的应用场景中讨论我们的结果，其中两个相互不信任的参与者希望获得相同的随机比特序列，探讨可能的方法来减轻恶意参与者的风险。 显示英文摘要

摘要： We demonstrate how radio pulsars can be used as random number generators. Specifically, we focus on publicly verifiable randomness (PVR), in which the same sequence of trusted and verifiable random numbers is obtained by multiple parties. PVR is a critical building block for many processes and algorithms (including cryptography, scientific trials, electoral audits and international treaties). However, current approaches (based on number theory) may soon become vulnerable to quantum computers, motivating a growing demand for PVR based on natural physical phenomena. In this context, we explore pulsars as a potential physical PVR source. We first show that bit sequences extracted from the measured flux densities of a bright millisecond pulsar can pass standardised tests for randomness. We then quantify three illustrative methods of bit-extraction from pulsar flux density sequences, using simultaneous observations of a second pulsar carried out with the Parkes telescope in Australia and the Five-hundred-metre Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST) in China, supported by numerical simulations. We demonstrate that the same bit sequence can indeed be obtained at both observatories, but the ubiquitous presence of radiometer noise needs to be accounted for when determining the expected bit error rate between two independent sequences. We discuss our results in the context of an imaginary use-case in which two mutually distrusting parties wish to obtain the same random bit sequence, exploring potential methods to mitigate against a malicious participant.