标题： 冷却过程中非平衡、平衡、量热测量和剩余熵之间的一些严格结果 显示英文标题

标题： Some Rigorous Results Relating Nonequilibrium, Equilibrium, Calorimetrically Measured and Residual Entropies during Cooling

摘要： 我们利用严格的非平衡热力学论证得出以下结论：(i) 任意系统的非平衡熵 S(T_{0}) 在实验（量热法）测定的熵 S_{实验}(T_{0}) 下有下界；(ii) S_{实验}(T_{0}) 的下界由平衡态或稳态（例如过冷液体）的熵 S_{SCL}(T_{0}) 确定；因此 (iii) S(T_{0}) 不可能低于 S_{SCL}(T_{0})。 由此可得剩余熵 S_{R}在绝对零度时的下界由外推值 S_{实验}(0)>S_{SCL}(0) 给出。 这些结果非常普遍，适用于所有远离稳态的非平衡系统。 显示英文摘要

摘要： We use rigorous nonequilibrium thermodynamic arguments to establish that (i) the nonequilibrium entropy S(T_{0}) of any system is bounded below by the experimentally (calorimetrically) determined entropy S_{expt}(T_{0}), (ii) S_{expt}(T_{0}) is bounded below by the equilibrium or stationary state (such as the supercooled liquid) entropy S_{SCL}(T_{0}) and consequently (iii) S(T_{0}) cannot drop below S_{SCL}(T_{0}). It then follows that the residual entropy S_{R} is bounded below by the extrapolated S_{expt}(0)>S_{SCL}(0) at absolute zero. These results are very general and applicable to all nonequilibrium systems regardless of how far they are from their stationary states.