标题： 从坍缩物质通过量子隧穿形成冻结星 显示英文标题

标题： Formation of Frozen Stars from collapsing matter by tunneling

摘要： 冻结星是一种黑洞模仿者：一种超致密物体，其外部几何结构类似于广义相对论黑洞，但在物质组成和内部几何的正则性方面有所不同。 它由球对称的开弦通量管集合产生，这些通量管具有极强各向异性的能量-动量-应力张量，具有最大负径向压强。 冻结星是对高度量子化、闭弦聚合物模型的有效经典描述。 任何黑洞模仿者模型的一个关键挑战是解释这样的物体如何从物质坍缩体中形成。 我们在之前的一篇文章中开始解决这个重要问题，通过适应Gibbons和Hawking的欧几里得作用量方法，表明进入冻结星的转变很可能是可能的。 在这里，我们通过显示物质坍缩壳量子隧穿进入冻结星的转变概率为1（忽略不计的修正除外）来改进我们之前的结果。 我们的结论是，因此这种转变是不可避免的。 显示英文摘要

摘要： The frozen star is a type of black hole mimicker: An ultracompact object whose exterior geometry resembles that of a general-relativistic black hole but differs in its matter composition and in the regularity of its interior geometry. It is sourced by a spherically symmetric collection of open-string flux tubes, which posses an extremely anisotropic energy-momentum-stress tensor with maximally negative radial pressure. The frozen star represents an effective classical description of the highly quantum, closed-string polymer model. A key challenge for any model of a black hole mimicker is to explain how such objects can form from a collapsing body of matter. We started to address this important problem in a previous article by adapting the Euclidean-action method of Gibbons and Hawking to show that the transition into a frozen star is likely. Here, we improve on our previous results by showing that the transition probability for a collapsing shell of matter to tunnel quantum mechanically into a frozen star is unity, up to negligible corrections. Our conclusion is that such a transition is therefore inevitable.