标题： 宇宙类星体的起源 显示英文标题

标题： COSMOLOGICAL ORIGIN OF QUASARS

摘要： 类星体是已知存在的最早天体。 我们考察了它们的起源，并将其置于宇宙结构形成模型的背景之下。 我们证明了类星体黑洞的种子可能起源于初始宇宙塌缩过程中密度异常高的区域且具有异常小的旋转速度。 这些种子中的大多数质量约为10^6个太阳质量，略高于宇宙的Jeans质量。 对于冷暗物质宇宙学模型，我们发现每个明亮星系大约有一个种子黑洞。 在星系形成之后，其核心内的种子通过动力学摩擦下沉至中心。 我们还描述了几种经验方法来研究类星体及其环境的特性。 这些方法包括：通过[C II]发射线探测类星体宿主星系；从“邻近效应”中确定类星体的寿命；以及通过检测超出类星体红移的Lyman-alpha云来测量高红移处的聚类幅度。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Quasars are the earliest objects known to exist. We examine their origin in the context of popular models for structure formation in the universe. We show that seeds for quasar black holes could have originated from the initial cosmological collapse of overdense regions with unusually small rotation. Most of these seeds have a mass of order 10^6 solar masses, just above the cosmological Jeans mass. For Cold Dark Matter cosmologies, we find of order one seed black hole per bright galaxy. After the galaxy forms, the seeds inside its bulge sink to the center by dynamical friction. We also describe a few empirical methods to study the properties of quasars and their environments. These include: probing quasar hosts through [C II] emission, finding quasar lifetimes from the ``proximity effect'' along two lines of sight, and measuring the amplitude of clustering at high redshifts through the detection of Lyman-alpha clouds beyond the quasar redshift.