标题： 超新星激波和超新星先驱风：它们的宇宙射线贡献 显示英文标题

标题： SUPERNOVA BLASTWAVES AND PRE-SUPERNOVA WINDS: THEIR COSMIC RAY CONTRIBUTION

摘要： 超新星爆炸进入前身恒星风中可以导致粒子加速，我们建议这可以解释大多数观测到的氦核和更重元素的宇宙射线，从GeV级别的粒子能量直到接近$3 \, 10^9$GeV，以及30GeV以上的电子。 我们按以下步骤进行： 1）利用一个假设的基本原理，该原理导致湍流等离子体中的传输系数，我们推导出在球形冲击波中加速的高能粒子的性质。 2）我们提出，在上主序星内部对流区工作的发电机可以导致高强度的磁场。 3）这样的磁场可能会通过环形场的压力梯度给恒星风增加额外的动量。 4）我们推导出磁场强度的下限。 5）对于电子注入存在一个临界阿尔芬马赫数。 基于这个概念，我们提出了对GeV能量级银河宇宙射线中质子/电子比值的解释。 6）我们定量地检查了模型预测与空气秀数据及进一步的宇宙射线数据之间的宇宙射线谱和化学成分。 7）最后，我们总结了各种重要的注意事项，并概述了重要的下一步工作以及检查。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Supernova explosions into predecessor stellar winds can lead to particle acceleration, which we suggest can explain most of the observed cosmic rays of the nuclei of Helium and heavier elements, from GeV in particle energies up to near $3 \, 10^9$ GeV, as well as electrons above about 30 GeV. We go through the following steps: 1) Using a postulated underlying principle that leads to transport coefficients in a turbulent plasma, we derive the properties of energetic particles accelerated in spherical shocks. 2) We suggest that a dynamo working in the inner convection zone of an upper main sequence star can lead to high magnetic field strengths. 3) Such magnetic fields may put additional momentum into stellar winds from the pressure gradient of the toroidal field. 4) We derive a lower limit for the magnetic field strengths. 5) There appears to be a critical Alfv\'enic Machnumber for electron injection. With this concept we propose an explanation for the observed proton/electron ratio in galactic cosmic rays at GeV energies. 6) We check the model prediction quantitatively on cosmic ray spectrum and chemical composition against airshower data and further cosmic ray data. 7) Finally, we summarize various important caveats, and outline important next steps as well as checks.