标题： 小系统中的相变 显示英文标题

标题： Phase Transition in Small System

摘要： 当液体被加热时，每个人都知道它的温度会升高，直到开始沸腾的时刻。 温度的升高随后停止，所有的热量都被用来将液体转化为蒸汽。 这种奇怪行为的微观起源是什么？ 仅包含少量分子的液滴是否表现出相同的行为？ 最近的实验和理论发展似乎表明，在非常小系统的基本层面，这种异常表现得更加令人惊讶：在状态变化期间——例如从液体到气体——系统在被加热时却会冷却，即它的温度下降而其能量却增加。 本文综述了我们对负比热现象的理解。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Everybody knows that when a liquid is heated, its temperature increases until the moment when it starts to boil. The increase in temperature then stops, all heat being used to transform the liquid into vapor. What is the microscopic origin of such a strange behavior? Does a liquid drop containing only few molecules behave the same? Recent experimental and theoretical developments seem to indicate that at the elementary level of very small systems, this anomaly appears in an even more astonishing way: during the change of state - for example from liquid to gas - the system cools whereas it is heated, i.e. its temperature decreases while its energy increases. This paper presents a review of our understanding of the negative specific heat phenomenon.