标题： 政府支出（或任何其他支出）的乘数效应 显示英文标题

标题： On the multiplicative effect of government spending (or any other spending for that matter)

摘要： 在经济学家生态系统中，存在一种观点，即良性公共支出是一种促进经济增长的形式。 如果我们考虑GDP的衡量方式，就无法得出这个结论，因为这会变得循环：衡量资金流动显然会直接检测到公共支出，但总是与其他来源的资金流动混合在一起。 问题是，公共支出本身有多良性？ 它能促进经济增长吗？ GDP中是否存在大于1的乘数效应？ 在本文中，我们利用经济学的基本原理来表明，政府支出最多与私人消费一样良性，如果它不被限制在基本服务领域，可能会成为经济萧条和不平等的根源。 显示英文摘要

摘要： There is, among the economist ecosystem, the idea of virtuous public spending as a form of promotion of economic growth. If we think on the way GDP is measured, it is not possible to get that conclusion because it becomes circular: measuring the money flow obviously will detect directly the public spending but always mixed with the flow of money from other sources. The question is how virtuous is public spending per se? Can it promote economic growth? Is there multiplicative effect in GDP bigger than 1? In this paper, we make use of the first principles of Economics to show that government spending is, at the most, as virtuous as private consumption and can be a source of economic depression and inequality if it is not restricted to fundamental services.