标题： 统计证据的概念：历史根源与当前发展 显示英文标题

标题： The Concept of Statistical Evidence: Historical Roots and Current Developments

摘要： 统计学的一个主要作用是描述收集到的数据中关于科学兴趣问题的证据。 我们将其称为估计问题和假设评估问题的两个广泛问题。 对于估计问题，数据中的证据应确定感兴趣对象的一个特定值以及对该估计准确性的度量；而对于假设评估问题，数据中的证据应提供支持或反对感兴趣对象某个假设值的证据，并附有证据强度的度量。 这将被称为统计推理的证据方法，它与引入损失概念的行为主义或决策理论方法形成对比，后者的目的是最小化期望损失。 虽然这两种方法通常会导致相似的结果，但并非总是如此，通常认为证据方法更适合科学应用。 本文追溯了证据方法的历史并总结了当前的发展。 显示英文摘要

摘要： One can argue that one of the main roles of the subject of statistics is to characterize what the evidence in collected data says about questions of scientific interest. There are two broad questions that we will refer to as the estimation question and the hypothesis assessment question. For estimation, the evidence in the data should determine a particular value of an object of interest together with a measure of the accuracy of the estimate, while for hypothesis assessment, the evidence in the data should provide evidence in favor of or against some hypothesized value of the object of interest together with a measure of the strength of the evidence. This will be referred to as the evidential approach to statistical reasoning which can be contrasted with the behavioristic or decision-theoretic approach where the notion of loss is introduced and the goal is to minimize expected losses. While the two approaches often lead to similar outcomes, this is not always the case and it is commonly argued that the evidential approach is more suited to scientific applications. This paper traces the history of the evidential approach and summarizes current developments.