标题： 气候变化：时间与频率方面 显示英文标题

标题： Climate change: across time and frequencies

摘要： 我们使用连续小波工具来表征气候变化在时间和频率上的动态特性。 这种方法使我们能够捕捉全球平均温度异常与气候强迫之间关系的变化模式。 使用1850年至2022年的历史数据，我们发现温室气体，尤其是CO$_2$，在控制自然强迫影响后，在温度的非常低频趋势行为中起到了重要作用。 在较短的频率下，强迫对温度的影响会开启和关闭，这很可能是由于地球气候系统中的复杂反馈机制。 显示英文摘要

摘要： We use continuous wavelet tools to characterize the dynamics of climate change across time and frequencies. This approach allows us to capture the changing patterns in the relationship between global mean temperature anomalies and climate forcings. Using historical data from 1850 to 2022, we find that greenhouse gases, and CO$_2$ in particular, play a significant role in driving the very low frequency trending behaviour in temperatures, even after controlling for the effects of natural forcings. At shorter frequencies, the effect of forcings on temperatures switches on and off, most likely because of complex feedback mechanisms in Earth's climate system.