标题： 空间的案例：使用Glimpse从透镜超新星的地基和空间观测中估计精确的时间延迟 显示英文标题

标题： The Case for Space: Estimating Precise Time Delays from Ground- and Space-Based Observations of Lensed Supernovae with Glimpse

摘要： 引力透镜超新星（glSNe）的多重图像到达时间延迟可以与当前宇宙的膨胀速率$H_{0}$相关联。尽管它们很稀有，但鲁宾天文台的太空和时间遗产调查（Rubin-LSST）预计每年将发现数十个星系尺度的glSNe，其中许多由于其紧凑性质将无法分辨。需要来自地面和空间望远镜的后续观测，以足够精确地估计时间延迟，从而对$H_{0}$进行有意义的约束。我们提出了Glimpse模型（GausSN光变曲线放大和相位偏移推断，扩展版），这是首次同时利用分辨和未分辨观测来估计时间延迟，并同时考虑尘埃和微透镜效应。通过这种方法，我们探讨了鲁宾-LSST观测到的glSNe的最佳后续策略。对于鲁宾-LSST检测能力最暗端的未分辨系统，其峰值i波段亮度为22-24星等，通过每个4-6个光学和近红外滤光片中的6-8次分辨空间观测，时间延迟可测量到低至0.7天的不确定性。对于亮度相似且被地面设施分辨的系统，通过空间观测的4个光学和近红外滤光片中的6次观测或深空地面观测的4个光学滤光片中的8次观测，时间延迟可一致地约束到0.5-0.8天的精度。这项工作改进了以前的时间延迟估计方法，并表明在鲁宾-LSST时代，glSNe的时间延迟为$\sim10-20$天可以测量到足够的精度，以进行具有竞争力的$H_{0}$估计。 显示英文摘要

摘要： The delay in arrival time of the multiple images of gravitationally lensed supernovae (glSNe) can be related to the present-day expansion rate of the universe, $H_{0}$. Despite their rarity, Rubin Observatory's Legacy Survey of Space and Time (Rubin-LSST) is expected to discover tens of galaxy-scale glSNe per year, many of which will not be resolved due to their compact nature. Follow-up from ground- and space-based telescopes will be necessary to estimate time delays to sufficient precision for meaningful $H_{0}$ constraints. We present the Glimpse model (GausSN Light curve Inference of Magnifications and Phase Shifts, Extended) that estimates time delays with resolved and unresolved observations together for the first time, while simultaneously accounting for dust and microlensing effects. With this method, we explore best follow-up strategies for glSNe observed by Rubin-LSST. For unresolved systems on the dimmest end of detectability by Rubin-LSST, having peak i-band magnitudes of 22-24 mag, the time delays are measured to as low as 0.7 day uncertainty with 6-8 epochs of resolved space-based observations in each of 4-6 optical and NIR filters. For systems of similar brightness that are resolved by ground-based facilities, time delays are consistently constrained to 0.5-0.8 day precision with 6 epochs in 4 optical and NIR filters of space-based observations or 8 epochs in 4 optical filters of deep ground-based observations. This work improves on previous time-delay estimation methods and demonstrates that glSNe time delays of $\sim10-20$ days can be measured to sufficient precision for competitive $H_{0}$ estimates in the Rubin-LSST era.