标题： 第二次时间尺度上从卫星和空间碎片中检测到的闪烁现象 显示英文标题

标题： Second-timescale Glints from Satellites and Space Debris Detected with Tomo-e Gozen

摘要： 对次秒时间尺度的光学瞬变源进行搜索是时域天文学的前沿领域之一。 然而，已经指出地球轨道物体反射的阳光也可以产生次秒时间尺度的“闪光”。 我们使用1.05米Kiso施密特望远镜上的Tomo-e Gozen进行了每秒2帧的宽视场观测。 我们识别出1554个仅出现在一帧（0.5秒）中的点源闪光。 它们的亮度范围从11到16星等，较暗的闪光数量更多。 这些闪光很可能是由高轨道高度的卫星和空间碎片引起的，例如地球同步轨道或高椭圆轨道。 许多亮度高于14星等的闪光与已知的具有大远地点（$>$30,000公里）的卫星或碎片有关。 相比之下，大多数较暗的闪光没有与编目物体相关，可能是由于尺寸为0.3-1米的碎片引起的。次秒时间尺度闪光的事件率估计在15.5星等时为$4.7 \pm 0.2\ {\rm deg^{-2}\ hr^{-1}}$（平均）和$9.0 \pm 0.3\ {\rm deg^{-2}\ hr^{-1}}$（赤道附近）。 我们的结果表明，高轨道高度的碎片在次秒时间尺度光学瞬变源的搜索中可能是一个显著的前景。 它们还暗示，像Rubin/LSST这样的深度巡天将在单次曝光图像中检测到许多这些闪光。 显示英文摘要

摘要： A search for second-timescale optical transients is one of the frontiers of time-domain astronomy. However, it has been pointed out that reflections of sunlight from Earth-orbiting objects can also produce second-timescale ``glints.'' We conducted wide-field observations at 2 frames per second using Tomo-e Gozen on the 1.05 m Kiso Schmidt telescope. We identified 1554 point-source glints that appeared in only one frame (0.5 sec). Their brightness ranges from 11 to 16 mag, with fainter glints being more numerous. These glints are likely caused by satellites and space debris in high-altitude orbits such as the geosynchronous Earth orbit or highly elliptical orbits. Many glints brighter than 14 mag are associated with known satellites or debris with large apogees ($>$ 30,000 km). In contrast, most fainter glints are not associated with cataloged objects and may be due to debris with sizes of 0.3--1 m. The event rate of second-timescale glints is estimated to be $4.7 \pm 0.2\ {\rm deg^{-2}\ hr^{-1}}$ (average) and $9.0 \pm 0.3\ {\rm deg^{-2}\ hr^{-1}}$ (near the equator) at 15.5 mag. Our results demonstrate that high-altitude debris can represent a significant foreground in searches for second-timescale optical transients. They also imply that deep surveys such as Rubin/LSST will detect many of these glints in single-exposure images.