标题： PLUTO-4：前沿病理学基础模型 显示英文标题

标题： PLUTO-4: Frontier Pathology Foundation Models

摘要： 基于大规模病理图像语料库训练的基础模型在多种组织病理学任务中表现出强大的迁移能力。 在此基础上，我们引入了PLUTO-4，这是我们下一代病理基础模型，将病理通用Transformer（PLUTO）扩展到前沿规模。 我们在PLUTO-4系列中分享了两种互补的视觉Transformer架构：一种是紧凑高效的PLUTO-4S模型，采用FlexiViT设置和2D-RoPE嵌入，优化了多尺度部署；另一种是前沿规模的PLUTO-4G模型，使用单一补丁大小进行训练，以最大化表示能力和稳定性。 这两种模型都在一个包含来自50多家机构的137,144名患者的551,164张全视野图像的大型多机构语料库上进行预训练，涵盖了超过60种疾病类型和超过100种染色方法，使用来自DINOv2的自监督目标进行预训练。 在公共和内部基准上的全面评估表明，PLUTO-4在需要不同空间和生物学背景的任务中实现了最先进的性能，包括补丁级分类、分割和幻灯片级诊断。 紧凑的PLUTO-4S为实际部署提供了高通量和稳健的性能，而PLUTO-4G在多个病理基准上建立了新的性能前沿，包括皮肤病理学诊断提高了11%。 这些多样化的改进突显了PLUTO-4作为转化研究和诊断用例基础的潜力。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Foundation models trained on large-scale pathology image corpora have demonstrated strong transfer capabilities across diverse histopathology tasks. Building on this progress, we introduce PLUTO-4, our next generation of pathology foundation models that extend the Pathology-Universal Transformer (PLUTO) to frontier scale. We share two complementary Vision Transformer architectures in the PLUTO-4 family: a compact and efficient PLUTO-4S model optimized for multi-scale deployment using a FlexiViT setup with 2D-RoPE embeddings, and a frontier-scale PLUTO-4G model trained with a single patch size to maximize representation capacity and stability. Both models are pretrained using a self-supervised objective derived from DINOv2 on a large multi-institutional corpus containing 551,164 WSIs from 137,144 patients across over 50 institutions, spanning over 60 disease types and over 100 stains. Comprehensive evaluation across public and internal benchmarks demonstrates that PLUTO-4 achieves state-of-the-art performance on tasks requiring varying spatial and biological context, including patch-level classification, segmentation, and slide-level diagnosis. The compact PLUTO-4S provides high-throughput and robust performance for practical deployment, while PLUTO-4G establishes new performance frontiers across multiple pathology benchmarks, including an 11% improvement in dermatopathology diagnosis. These diverse improvements underscore PLUTO-4's potential to transform real-world applications as a backbone for translational research and diagnostic use cases.