标题： 太阳耀斑的形成：等离子体来源和机制 显示英文标题

标题： The Formation of Solar Prominences: Plasma Origin and Mechanisms

摘要： 太阳耀斑，或称太阳丝状体，是太阳日冕中温度较低且密度较高的等离子体结构，其形成机制一直是太阳物理学中的一个基本挑战。 本综述全面概述了目前关于丝状体形成的理论、数值和观测理解，重点在于致密等离子体成分的起源。 我们首先总结了支持丝状体的磁场配置，接着对四种典型的等离子体形成机制进行了分类：注入、升腾、蒸发-凝结以及原位凝结。 每种机制都从其物理基础、数值实现和观测诊断方面进行了分析。 重点放在蒸发-凝结情景上，该情景在过去十年中通过数值模拟取得了显著进展。 我们还讨论了近年来由磁重联触发的原位凝结和升腾动力学的建模进展。 在整个过程中，我们强调了不同机制的互补性及其在形成和维持丝状体质量中的潜在共存。 回顾了观测约束和最近的高分辨率数据，以评估每种机制的物理合理性。 最后，我们指出了连接多尺度物理过程与观测到的丝状体行为多样性的开放问题和未来方向。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Solar prominences, or solar filaments, are cool and dense plasma structures in the hot solar corona, whose formation mechanisms have remained a fundamental challenge in solar physics. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current theoretical, numerical, and observational understanding of prominence formation, with a focus on the origin of the dense plasma component. We begin by summarizing the magnetic field configurations that enable prominence support, followed by a classification of four representative plasma formation mechanisms: injection, levitation, evaporation--condensation, and in-situ condensation. Each mechanism is analyzed in terms of its physical basis, numerical realizations, and observational diagnostics. A central focus is placed on the evaporation--condensation scenario, which has seen significant development over the past decade through numerical simulations. We also discuss recent progress in modeling in-situ condensation triggered by magnetic reconnection and levitation dynamics. Throughout, we emphasize the complementary nature of different mechanisms and their potential coexistence in forming and maintaining prominence mass. Observational constraints and recent high-resolution data are reviewed to assess the physical plausibility of each mechanism. We conclude by highlighting open questions and future directions in connecting multi-scale physical processes to the observed diversity of prominence behaviors.